SIR C.V RAMAN
Shubashree Desikan
Summary:
C.V. Raman’s story begins in a village near Tiruchirapalli in southern India. He was born on 8 November 1888. Raman was a voracious reader and pored eagerly over all the books written by great scientists of his father’s collection. Three books determined the Raman’s chosen path; those were Edwin’s Arnold’s Light of Asia, which is the story of Gautama Buddha, The Elements of Euclid, a treatise on classical geometry, and The Sensations of Tone, by German scientist Helmholtz, on the properties of sound waves.
Raman completed his school when he was just eleven years old. He joined in the BA course at the age of thirteen only. He was suggested by his teachers to prepare for the Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination. But he could not qualify the medical examination to travel to England. This was the only examination that Raman failed.
Raman joined the MA physics in Presidency College, Madras, during this time he became famous for his experiments with light waves. Raman wondered what would happen if the light shone straight, not from an angle on the screen. Raman not only studied this variant problem and published in a paper in the Philosophical Magazine, a British journal. He was the first student of Presidency College to publish a research paper.
Raman passed the MA examination in January 1907, coming first in the university. He has taken the Financial Civil Services (FCS) examination due to lack of facilities to pursue his research in India. Later Raman started his research at ‘Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science ‘(IACS).
Raman was fascinated by waves and sound. He remembered the reading of Helmholtz’s book in his school days. He explained the working of the ektara. He took up a violin for study and developed a way of characterizing the quality of the instrument. Raman’s studies on the violin published as book. Until 1920, acoustics continued to interest him he also studied the veena, tambura, mridangam, tabla and others.
Around 1917 Raman was offered the position of Palit Professor of Physics at the university. In 1921, the University of Calcutta conferred on him an honorary doctorate. He attended University Congress at Oxford, during the voyage back Raman watched the sea and did the experiments to capture the colour of the sea. Raman set his team members to work on his idea on light scattering. In 1927 of 28th February the famous Raman Effect was discovered, and the date now celebrated as National Science Day. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1930. Raman devoted his final years from 1946 to 1970 to the setting up of the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore.
C.V. died on 21 November 1970. By a special arrangement his mortal remains were consigned to flames in the institute campus itself, amidst the surroundings he loved without any religious ceremonies. Raman was a brilliant student, a very original thinker and a hardworking, disciplined person. Further, when he faced with a lack of infrastructure, he always improvised and built up. His determination, spirit and contributions will indeed remain special within the context of the practice of science in India.
1. How were the great men who Raman read about as a child reflected in the work he did later in life?
A: C.V Raman was a brilliant student and original thinker right from his childhood. He was an avid reader and went through all the books in his father’s collections. As a school going child he read the original writings of great scientists. the books he read, which changed his mental and spiritual outlook and determined his path were “Light of Asia” by Edwin Arnold, “The Elements of Euclid” a book on classical geometry and “ The Sensations of Tone” by Helmholtz, a German scientist. The keen study, the nature of solution to the problems, carried the mark of these great minds into future. The study of waves and sound in his childhood interested him in his later life.
2. Why did Raman fail to impress his teacher when he first joined Presidency College?
A: Raman completed his schooling, only at the age of eleven years and spent next 2 years in his father’s college. When he was only years he went first to join the presidency college. He appeared too young for his class as Raman was not physically string. He was unimpressive due to his weak frame.
3. What made Raman say of the civil surgeon of Madras, “I shall ever be grateful to this man”?
A: When Raman exhibited extraordinary intelligence in his BA examination, his teachers were astonished and understood Raman’s ability. They encouraged him to appear for the ICS prestigious examination which Indians rarely get through. Before Raman could take the test he had to undergo a medical test. But in the medical test the civil surgeon of Madras had declared him medically unfit to travel to England to appear for civils Raman’s interest was to study physics, so when he was declared unfit, he really felt grateful to the civil surgeon. He was overjoyed as he could continue his study of physics.
4. Why was the day when Raman walked into the Indian Association for the culture of science a historic moment?
A: Raman had flair to pursue research in physics but there were no labs in India. He could not travel to England. So he decided to write FCS exam. He topped the exam and got the job of Assistant Accountant General for British India. While travelling in a tram, he noticed a sign board of Indian Association for Cultivation of Science. He got off the tram and out of interest he walked into the building. Later it was in this building, he performed many legendary experiments along with his team. Hence the first step into the IACS building enabled him to conduct many experiments and lead to the invention of famous Raman Effect. So, the day he walked into IACS was indeed a historic moment.
5. Outline the subject of the first research Raman conducted in the IACS?
A: Raman was fascinated by the waves and sounds right from his childhood. He got a chance to study and experiment at IACS. He came across an idea from Helmholtz’s book which he read in his childhood days. So he decided to study on musical instruments. He explained the working of Ektara, which is a simple instrument, made of a resonant box and string stretched to tie across the cavity. He studied about “Remarkable Resonances”. The scientific understanding on studies of violin and the interest in acoustics led Raman to study many musical instruments. It was the first time musical string instrument were scientifically studied.
6. What discovery did Raman make during his voyage across the Mediterian Sea and did it prove to be important?
A: During the voyage across the Mediterian Sea, Raman spent hours watching the sea from the deck of the ship. He was admired by the colour of sea which was blue. Raman used simple optical tools and did experiments to capture the colour of the sea. He discovered that the water molecules could scatter light just like air molecules. He speculated that light exists as mass less particles of energy. He performed the Corpuscular theory of light thoroughly scattering experiments. The existence of light quanta was established beyond doubt. Finally they understood it as modified scattering which led to discovery of the famous RAMAN EFFECT on 28th Feb, 1927. This discovery proved to be important because they found the fact that light can undergo a scattering through a liquid resulting in a change in its frequency. This was the famous RAMAN EFFECT.
Bits:
1. Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman shortly as C. V. Raman
2. C.V. Raman was born on 8 November 1888
3. Raman was the second child of R. Chandrasekhar Iyer and Parvathi Ammal
4. As a child, Raman was an avid (voracious) reader
5. Light of Asia is written by Edwin Arnold – the story of Gautama Buddha
6. The Elements of Euclid, treatise on classical geometry
7. The Sensations of Tone by German scientist Helmholtz on the properties of sound waves
8. Raman completed school when he was just eleven years old
9. Raman joined the BA course at Presidency College, Madras, when he was thirteen years old
10. ICS stands for Indian Civil Services
11. The only exam Raman failed was a medical examination to travel to England to take ICS test
12. Raman joined the MA physics class in Presidency College, Madras
13. Raman studied on light and published a paper in the Philosophical Magazine, a British Journal
14. Raman was in teens and the first student of Presidency College to publish a research paper
15. Raman passed the MA examination in January 1907 coming first in the university
16. Raman married Lokasundari, who belonged to Madurai
17. FCS stands for Financial Civil Services - a forerunner of the Indian Administrative and Audit Services (IAACS)
18. IACS stands for Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
19. Raman’s papers appeared in international journals such as Nature and the Philosophical Magazine, published in England
20. The Physical Review, published in the USA
21. Raman was fascinated by waves and sound
22. At IACS Raman has chosen to study musical instruments first
23. Raman has explained the working of the ektara
24. Raman studied the violin and later published a book entitled On the Mechanical Theory of Vibrations of Musical Instruments of the Violin Family with Experimental Results: Part I
25. To study on violin Raman assembled the parts from a cycle shop and other odds and ends found in the lab
26. Besides violin, Raman studied the veena, tambura, mridangam, tabla and others
27. Raman became interested in optics
28. Sir Ashutosh Mookerjee, appointed as Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University.
29. Around 1917 Raman was offered the position of Palit Professor at the university
30. Some of the well-known names among Raman’s brilliant students are K.R. Ramanathan, K.S.Krishnan and Suri Bhagavantam
31. Raman was conferred an honorary doctorate by the University of Calcutta in 1921
32. Raman attended the University Congress at Oxford
33. Lord Rayleigh, who had explained the blue colour of the sky
34. Lord Rayleigh, explained ‘The dark blue of deep sea has nothing to do with the colour of water but is simply the blue of the sky seen in reflection.’
35. Raman’s experiments on the colour of sea were explained and published to the journal Nature
36. Raman’s discovery started during the voyage across the Mediterranean Sea
37. Raman said that water molecules could scatter light just like air molecules, which set him to discover the famous Raman effect
38. In 1922 Raman wrote a brilliant essay entitled ‘The Molecular Diffraction of Light’
39. The Compton effect was discovered in 1923
40. Raman set his team members to work on his idea of light scattering
41. Raman’s students K.R. Ramanathan, first spotted the light scattering phenomenon in 1923
42. Many of Raman’s other students were able to reproduce this effect and ‘feeble fluorescence’
43. In 1927 it was said that the effect was not ‘a type of fluorescence’ but a ‘modified scattering’
44. On 28 February of 1927 the famous Raman effect was discovered
45. 28 February is now celebrated as National Science Day
46. Raman has received Nobel Prize for physics in 1930
47. Raman took up the directorship of Indian Institute of Science until he retired in 1948
48. Raman devoted his final years, from 1946 to 1970 to the setting up of the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore and the running the Indian Academy of Science
49. Raman edited the journals Current Science and the Proceedings of the Academy
50. C.V. Raman died on 21 November 1970.
1
Wednesday, January 13, 2010
English heavens gate material
HEAVEN’S GATE
PICO IYER
Summary:
The author had been to Ladakhi capita of Leh. He has observed around snowfields, with ragged prayer flags and Indian soldiers shivering in their camps. They moved along Nubra Valley. They have seen Buddhist Diskit gompa or temple. The high, dry region Ladakh in northern India that borders Tibet and is called ‘the world’s last Shangri-La’ and also described as the “land of high passes”. Ladakh also borders Pakistan. In official terms, Ladakh takes in the Muslim region of Kargil, so almost half its population is Islamic.
The author’s first day in Leh, he has observed the faces that spoke Lhasa, Herat even Samarkand. He has observed a scramble of dusty, mud-coloured buildings a few blocks along, an abandoned palace and temples. According to author street lighting did not arrive in Leh until the third year of Clinton administration. Internet cafes on every corner were also existed. The author also witnessed the great events of Ladakhi calendar, the Tse-Chu festival at Hemis. 90 percent of the audience members were foreigners at Tse-Chu and it was told that the party for the tourists only. Indeed, many of Ladakhi’s festivals, traditionally held in the winter when they don’t have to work in the fields.
One of the first Europeans to settle in Leh, Helena Norberg-Hodge, arrived in 1975 and set up an ecology center. The lampposts of Leh saying “Say No to Polythene”. Ladakh is a way to retrieve something lost, sustaining within us that, which once experienced, comes to seem as contemporary, as invigorating, as tomorrow.
1. What animals and trees did the writer find in the Nubra Valley?
A: When Pico Iyer began to edge down along a single lane towards Nubra Valley, he found marmots scrambling across his path. He saw wild asses in a distance. In a few places, fortress like, two storey white buildings were clustered together in patches of green in the middle, he found apricot trees and willows. In the dunes the writer observed two humped bactarian camels foraging. The writer identified that the pastoral existence is still preserved in Ladakh. The writer enjoyed the tree lined walks out of Leh the most beautiful place.
2. How did writer’s observation match description he had read of the way people live in Ladakh?
A: The writer had read in Andrew Harvey’s radian “Journey in Ladakh” that people lived in Ladakh as they lived several centuries ago in the white washed houses in the middle of fields of barley and wheat irrigated by cool snowmelt. When he travelled across Ladakh the writer found the pastoral existence still preserved. Workers often boasted about 24 hours cold water but street lights arrived only in third year of Clinton’s administration.
3. What did the writer discover to his surprise on reaching Ladakh, which he had imagined to have had no contact with other parts of the world?
A: Pico Iyer felt that Ladakh is something a test case what good as well as bad can be brought by travelers. Writer found signs flying from the lampposts of Leh saying “say no to polythene”. Writer also observed that plastic bags were probhited in the town. As soon as Iyer arrived at the airport, he was instructed about mindful tourism. He was also given a pamphlet asking him not to buy products from multinational corporations. These discoveries made the writer surprise, which he had imagined to have had no contact other parts of the world.
4. What do you think Pico Iyer means when he says “I saw faces that spoke lhasa, heart, even Samarkand”?
A: The writer was at Leh, on his first day at Leh he happened to visit the noisy crowded streets of central dag, he found women selling vegetables. He found people who spoke Lahsa, Heart and even Samarkand. he also found people who spoke Heart, a province of Afghanistan. He found people converse the language of Samarkand a largest city of Uzbekistan.
5. How do travelers to the ‘other worldly and highly magical’ Ladahk effect the people who belong there?
A: According to Pico Iyer, Ladakh is a remote but unusually underdeveloped “Paradise” to which people have their own different images of paradise. Ladakh is a secret treasure which exhibits all the paradoxes of civilization and discontents. He finds Leh the most beautiful place. Yet the traveler of other worldly a new restlessness to the people of Ladakh, as the narrow streets were filled with construction cranes. They realize that their tradition and culture may be abandoned. Even many of ladakh’s festivals which were traditionally celebrated in winter, when they had no work in the fields, have been moved to summer, only to grab the foreign attraction.
6. what does the writer tell us to show that while young people in Ladakh’s town prefer western ways of entertainment, when people in rural areas continue to enjoy their old, local forms of music and sports?
A: when Pico Iyer drove out to Henis to witness one of the great events of the Ladakhi calendar, the Tse Chu festival, which exhaled the traditional culture, the young girls and boys were busy selling necklaces and statues of Bhudda and mystical scroll and Cd’s. their selling aimed the tourists rather than exhalation of tradition and culture. Inside the temples courtyard the elderly masked Lamas danced and meditative movements Buddhist reformer.
The elderly women of the alliance strove hard to protect the traditional Ladakhi food, by constructing the first restaurant which would serve only the traditional food. In the coffee house, in the open mike night, Ladakh’s fashion conscious teenagers were fluent in every verse of hotel California. In rustic lanes, however people were working in the fields in their ancient styles. The writer also found musicians conducting tradition archery competition in the midst of dance and music. Thus the teenagers preferred western ways of entertainment people of rural areas continued to enjoy the old and local form of music and sports.
Bits:
1. Ladakh is the capital of Leh
2. Marmots, wild asses, or kiang Bactrian camels, apricot trees and willows appeared toward the Nubra Valley.
3. Ladakh was the high, dry region in northern India that borders Tibet
4. Ladakh was often called the world’s last Shangri-La
5. Ladakh was one of the planet’s great centers of Himalayan Buddhism
6. ‘Journey in Ladakh’ written by Andrew Harvey
7. Ladakh is described as the “land of high passes”
8. Ladakh borders Pakistan
9. Ladakh takes in the Muslim region of Kargil
10. Half of Ladakh’s population is Islamic
11. In Leh people speaking Lhasa, Herat, Samarkand
12. The son of the last king of Ladakh, Choegyal Jigmed Wangchuk Namgyal
13. The writer witnessed Tse-Chu festival at Hemis
14. Ladakhi’s festivals traditionally held in the winter
15. One of the first Europeans to settle in Leh was Helena Norberg-Hodge, arrived in1975
16. Helena Norberg-Hodge setup an ecology center in 1975
17. The lampposts of Leh saying “Say No to Polythene”
18. Plastic bags are prohibited in Leh
19. The author’s account of Ladakh is based on his visit to the place
Preparing traditional Ladakhi food is not easy because the ingredients are expensive
1
PICO IYER
Summary:
The author had been to Ladakhi capita of Leh. He has observed around snowfields, with ragged prayer flags and Indian soldiers shivering in their camps. They moved along Nubra Valley. They have seen Buddhist Diskit gompa or temple. The high, dry region Ladakh in northern India that borders Tibet and is called ‘the world’s last Shangri-La’ and also described as the “land of high passes”. Ladakh also borders Pakistan. In official terms, Ladakh takes in the Muslim region of Kargil, so almost half its population is Islamic.
The author’s first day in Leh, he has observed the faces that spoke Lhasa, Herat even Samarkand. He has observed a scramble of dusty, mud-coloured buildings a few blocks along, an abandoned palace and temples. According to author street lighting did not arrive in Leh until the third year of Clinton administration. Internet cafes on every corner were also existed. The author also witnessed the great events of Ladakhi calendar, the Tse-Chu festival at Hemis. 90 percent of the audience members were foreigners at Tse-Chu and it was told that the party for the tourists only. Indeed, many of Ladakhi’s festivals, traditionally held in the winter when they don’t have to work in the fields.
One of the first Europeans to settle in Leh, Helena Norberg-Hodge, arrived in 1975 and set up an ecology center. The lampposts of Leh saying “Say No to Polythene”. Ladakh is a way to retrieve something lost, sustaining within us that, which once experienced, comes to seem as contemporary, as invigorating, as tomorrow.
1. What animals and trees did the writer find in the Nubra Valley?
A: When Pico Iyer began to edge down along a single lane towards Nubra Valley, he found marmots scrambling across his path. He saw wild asses in a distance. In a few places, fortress like, two storey white buildings were clustered together in patches of green in the middle, he found apricot trees and willows. In the dunes the writer observed two humped bactarian camels foraging. The writer identified that the pastoral existence is still preserved in Ladakh. The writer enjoyed the tree lined walks out of Leh the most beautiful place.
2. How did writer’s observation match description he had read of the way people live in Ladakh?
A: The writer had read in Andrew Harvey’s radian “Journey in Ladakh” that people lived in Ladakh as they lived several centuries ago in the white washed houses in the middle of fields of barley and wheat irrigated by cool snowmelt. When he travelled across Ladakh the writer found the pastoral existence still preserved. Workers often boasted about 24 hours cold water but street lights arrived only in third year of Clinton’s administration.
3. What did the writer discover to his surprise on reaching Ladakh, which he had imagined to have had no contact with other parts of the world?
A: Pico Iyer felt that Ladakh is something a test case what good as well as bad can be brought by travelers. Writer found signs flying from the lampposts of Leh saying “say no to polythene”. Writer also observed that plastic bags were probhited in the town. As soon as Iyer arrived at the airport, he was instructed about mindful tourism. He was also given a pamphlet asking him not to buy products from multinational corporations. These discoveries made the writer surprise, which he had imagined to have had no contact other parts of the world.
4. What do you think Pico Iyer means when he says “I saw faces that spoke lhasa, heart, even Samarkand”?
A: The writer was at Leh, on his first day at Leh he happened to visit the noisy crowded streets of central dag, he found women selling vegetables. He found people who spoke Lahsa, Heart and even Samarkand. he also found people who spoke Heart, a province of Afghanistan. He found people converse the language of Samarkand a largest city of Uzbekistan.
5. How do travelers to the ‘other worldly and highly magical’ Ladahk effect the people who belong there?
A: According to Pico Iyer, Ladakh is a remote but unusually underdeveloped “Paradise” to which people have their own different images of paradise. Ladakh is a secret treasure which exhibits all the paradoxes of civilization and discontents. He finds Leh the most beautiful place. Yet the traveler of other worldly a new restlessness to the people of Ladakh, as the narrow streets were filled with construction cranes. They realize that their tradition and culture may be abandoned. Even many of ladakh’s festivals which were traditionally celebrated in winter, when they had no work in the fields, have been moved to summer, only to grab the foreign attraction.
6. what does the writer tell us to show that while young people in Ladakh’s town prefer western ways of entertainment, when people in rural areas continue to enjoy their old, local forms of music and sports?
A: when Pico Iyer drove out to Henis to witness one of the great events of the Ladakhi calendar, the Tse Chu festival, which exhaled the traditional culture, the young girls and boys were busy selling necklaces and statues of Bhudda and mystical scroll and Cd’s. their selling aimed the tourists rather than exhalation of tradition and culture. Inside the temples courtyard the elderly masked Lamas danced and meditative movements Buddhist reformer.
The elderly women of the alliance strove hard to protect the traditional Ladakhi food, by constructing the first restaurant which would serve only the traditional food. In the coffee house, in the open mike night, Ladakh’s fashion conscious teenagers were fluent in every verse of hotel California. In rustic lanes, however people were working in the fields in their ancient styles. The writer also found musicians conducting tradition archery competition in the midst of dance and music. Thus the teenagers preferred western ways of entertainment people of rural areas continued to enjoy the old and local form of music and sports.
Bits:
1. Ladakh is the capital of Leh
2. Marmots, wild asses, or kiang Bactrian camels, apricot trees and willows appeared toward the Nubra Valley.
3. Ladakh was the high, dry region in northern India that borders Tibet
4. Ladakh was often called the world’s last Shangri-La
5. Ladakh was one of the planet’s great centers of Himalayan Buddhism
6. ‘Journey in Ladakh’ written by Andrew Harvey
7. Ladakh is described as the “land of high passes”
8. Ladakh borders Pakistan
9. Ladakh takes in the Muslim region of Kargil
10. Half of Ladakh’s population is Islamic
11. In Leh people speaking Lhasa, Herat, Samarkand
12. The son of the last king of Ladakh, Choegyal Jigmed Wangchuk Namgyal
13. The writer witnessed Tse-Chu festival at Hemis
14. Ladakhi’s festivals traditionally held in the winter
15. One of the first Europeans to settle in Leh was Helena Norberg-Hodge, arrived in1975
16. Helena Norberg-Hodge setup an ecology center in 1975
17. The lampposts of Leh saying “Say No to Polythene”
18. Plastic bags are prohibited in Leh
19. The author’s account of Ladakh is based on his visit to the place
Preparing traditional Ladakhi food is not easy because the ingredients are expensive
1
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)